Black And Yellow Perils In Colonial Africa free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper # 8221 ; Explain the compulsion amongst European colonists in sub-Saharan Africa with # 8216 ; black # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; yellow # 8217 ; perils # 8221 ; . ISSUES OF MISCEGENATION AND RACIAL PURITY: There was a general indignation at the construct of assorted race dealingss within colonial Europe, particularly within Britain, who did non take the same line on the topic of assimilation as their Gallic and particularly Lusitanian opposite numbers. Although assorted relationships between white males and colored females were tolerated, similar such relationships refering white adult females were non, as this raised imperial issues of race theory and Darwinistic eugenics. A premier illustration of this was the reaction to the battle of the boy of the late subjugated leader of the Ndebele to a Miss Kitty Jewell, an English adult female. Indeed, # 8220 ; The proposed matrimony seems to hold been a trigger for a batch of articles raising, overtly now, the thorny issue of crossbreeding # 8221 ; . The contention environing this inter-racial brotherhood was accentuated by the fact that non merely did this take topographic point in England itself, but besides the fact that the African in inquiry had been an exhibit at the # 8216 ; Savage South Africa # 8217 ; expounding. We will write a custom essay sample on Black And Yellow Perils In Colonial Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This accentuated the frights that formed the footing for the paranoia refering # 8216 ; yellow # 8217 ; and particularly # 8216 ; black # 8217 ; hazards in imperial Africa, and besides enhanced concerns refering racial devolution. The consequence of this and one or two other stray incidents, was that adult females were out to go to the bulk of any subsequent exhibitions, if non nationally, so surely in the London country. The visual aspect of scientific racism in the 2nd half of the 19th century, the footing for which was societal Darwinism and anatomical measuring, enabled white settlers to warrant their belief in their ain racial high quality. Once this high quality had been established, the thought of keeping this degree of evolutionary promotion through the turning away of sexual contact with other races became an all consuming concern. # 8221 ; If European adult females, # 8216 ; seemingly of good birth # 8217 ; were to go tainted by sexual contact with black Africans, the imperial race would non last # 8221 ; . In an effort cut down the possibility of inter-racial dealingss, and therefore protect the pureness of the race, exhibitions and dramatic re-enactments were frequently used within Britain to re-affirm racial boundaries. # 8221 ; It was considered necessary to convey place to the spectator the inconceivableness of a white adult female really entertaining the impression of a romantic affair with a black adult male, while paradoxically the contrary was really anticipated # 8221 ; In South Africa the Dutch attempted to avoid racial dross through the passing of the assorted matrimony Torahs, which prevented white adult females from absorbing black spouses or kids to the Imperial race. This was partially in response to the fright that black work forces may seek to get married white adult females in order to better their societal standing, and therefore derive the same rights and privileges as the settlers. Chemical reaction TO INCREASING FEMINISM WITHIN EUROPE: Middle category adult females seen as responsible for the # 8216 ; ploiferation and strengthening of the strain # 8217 ; were prosecuting new chances in instruction and employment, and therefore were # 8217 ; fiddling their imperial motherly responsibilities # 8217 ; . With this in head, # 8216 ; new # 8217 ; adult females were frequently compared unfavorably with black adult females, ( who despite being oppressed by their societies, still fulfilled their maternal and wifelike duties ) in an effort to castigate feminist inclinations within Britain. The issue of maternity greatly limited female employment chances, particularly in the settlements, and manifested itself in the signifier of anti-employment statute law and deliberately unequal preparation for adult females. THE # 8216 ; YELLOW PERIL # 8217 ; : In the early old ages of European Imperial engagement within Africa, the thought of a male white colonist holding sexual dealingss with a native adult female ( this was subsequently to go known as the # 8216 ; yellow endanger # 8217 ; ) was considered to be absolutely acceptable, even in Britain. In some instances this was sanctioned to the grade that it virtually became portion of Imperial policy, and the early phases of imperium became a phase for sexual adventurers ( although non to the extent that many publications of the clip would hold us believe! ) . Indeed, the colonial Portuguese promoted the ideal of # 8216 ; lusotropicalism # 8217 ; , the Belgian disposal accepted widespread concubinage and all the chief colonial powers sanctioned Imperial whorehouses. Although white adult females were frequently accused of destructing this multi-racial nature of imperium, the Victorian pureness runs within British settlements were a precursor to the encouragement of adult females in a colonial environment. As a regulation, white work forces merely brought out their married womans once the European states had reached the tallness of their colonial power, a policy that was encouraged to cement the established colonist settlements. This colonial demand for white adult females was partly as a consequence of the realization that early colonial beliefs that tropical climes could render adult females infertile were incorrect, and partly due to logistical necessity, but was justified with mention to the # 8216 ; yellow endanger # 8217 ; ; # 8220 ; The terror in the 1920 # 8217 ; s over birthrate degrees, depopulation and labor demands was articulated around issues of morality # 8221 ; . As Imperial power approached its zenith, and the disparity between the degrees of male and female colonial population began to decrease, the concern of white work forces # 8217 ; s susceptibleness to seduction by black adult females took on some significance. This was for a assortment of grounds, notably the increased importance of the stable white Imperial household, and the acknowledgment of the fact that with such a immense population disparity between the colonised and their colonizers, the white colonists needed to keep a certain distance from the inkinesss to maintain their mystique. In add-on, the increased presence of colonial married womans and individual white adult females increased the figure of # 8216 ; appropriate # 8217 ; sexual spouses for white males, and therefore the justif ication for inter-racial brotherhoods ( deficiency of adult females ) , quickly diminished. However, even when the Numberss of white colonial adult females approached those of colonial work forces, the thought of the seduction of white work forces by African adult females was neer taken about every bit earnestly as the contrary. This is mostly an issue of logistics every bit much as sexual inequality, as a assorted kid born to a black adult female would be considered black ( and hence could be disregarded ) , but a assorted kid born to a white adult female caused jobs. THE # 8216 ; BLACK PERIL # 8217 ; : The footing of the thought of the # 8216 ; black hazard # 8217 ; was the fright of sexual assault of white adult females by the native peoples of the European settlements, which stemmed from the theory that black work forces could non incorporate their sexual impulses. This theory re-affirmed racially motivated # 8217 ; scientific # 8217 ; thoughts that the colonising Europeans were both evolutionary and culturally superior to their Imperial topics, due to their conquest of their sexual inherent aptitudes. This averment that inkinesss were unable to command their gender animalised them, and therefore served to corroborate the theories of racial scientific discipline which legitimised the presence of their European vanquishers, who saw themselves as educating the # 8216 ; dark continent # 8217 ; . This coincides with theories that adult females # 8217 ; s gender was evolutionary inferior to work forces # 8217 ; s, and the construct of colonial adult females # 8217 ; s exposur e to sexual assault from black work forces re-confirms male high quality. Thus European work forces were able to utilize the # 8216 ; black hazard # 8217 ; panics as a method of cementing the bing sexual, societal and racial boundaries which 19th century European civilization had established. As the nature of # 8216 ; black hazard # 8217 ; panics was that they increased during periods of concern refering imperial control ( due to tension every bit much as anything else ) , the construct of sexual maltreatment of white adult females by black work forces proved to be utile to those implementing the Imperial governments. Reports of sexually degrading offenses ( whether truthful or otherwise ) provided justification for Acts of the Apostless of inhibitory utmost force against colonised peoples, which ensured the retaining of the balance of power. The bulk of instances of # 8216 ; black hazard # 8217 ; took topographic point within the family, strictly due to the fact it was the lone topographic point where white adult females and black work forces were in extended contact. Initially it was believed that the # 8216 ; houseboys # 8217 ; ( African male servants- African adult females were non allowed in domestic service in household places due to fear of # 8216 ; yellow endanger # 8217 ; ) were the exclusive culprits of sexual dealingss between themselves and their kept womans. It subsequently came to illume that inter-racial affairs within the domestic environment were constantly initiated by the kept woman or white female retainer in inquiry. In a important figure of reported instances, employers had manufactured charges of sexual assault against # 8216 ; houseboys # 8217 ; , either as a stalking-horse for plundering them before their rewards were due, or in some instances bring an terminal to any affair that had occur red on the kept woman # 8217 ; induction. Besides, in times of economic adversity, white female retainers sometimes accused the houseboys of colza in order to guarantee occupation security and keep a higher pay rate. Typically during the moral terror of # 8216 ; black hazards # 8217 ; , studies of colza attempted colza and indecent assault rose aggressively, while strong belief Numberss remained the same. Whether these falsified studies of sexual onslaughts were for the aforesaid motivations, or strictly a consequence of mass craze is ill-defined. Although many instances of the colza of white retainers or married womans by black work forces were fabricated, the frights refering such incidents were existent plenty. Examples of this fright include the White Women # 8217 ; s Protection Ordinance of 1926 in New Guinea, which provided # 8220 ; the decease punishment for any individual convicted of the offense of colza or effort of colza upon a European adult females or miss # 8221 ; , and the formation of citizen reserves # 8217 ; s in Southern Rhodesia and Kenya in the inter-war period. In add-on, it is of import to retrieve that although many studies of sexual assault were untrue, some sexual onslaughts did take topographic point, preponderantly by packs of dissatisfied black work forces, Mrs Harrison # 8217 ; s colza being a instance in point. Decision: When looking at the European ( although chiefly British ) compulsion with # 8216 ; black # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; yellow # 8217 ; hazards in sub-Saharan Africa, one of the first things that springs to mind is the sexual dual criterions of the whole issue. For the bulk of the colonial period it was seen as absolutely acceptable for a European male to happen himself in a assorted race relationship, whereas the antonym was seen as perfidy upon one # 8217 ; s race. Although much of this can be attributed to frights refering racial dross and crossbreeding, the patriarchal nature of European society is of similar importance to the bastardization of Darwin # 8217 ; s evolutionary theories. The panics of the # 8216 ; black hazard # 8217 ; were non wholly falsified to accommodate the motivations of the European colonizers, as it was a representation of the two chief colonial European frights: Anti-colonial force and racial devolution. Fully cognizant of the vulnerable ( in 1900 merely 4.4 % of the population of Rhodesia, Europe # 8217 ; s largest African colonist settlement, was white ) and the tenuous nature of their place, even a individual stray incident could trip off craze and terror. However, it would be just to state that the bulk of these moving ridges of # 8216 ; perils # 8217 ; were a stalking-horse to warrant the actions of colonial colonists and decision makers, and besides continue the bing theories of race, gender and category. Bibliographies: 1 ) # 8220 ; White colonists in Tropical Africa # 8221 ; L. H. Gann A ; P. Duignan ( 1962 ) 2 ) # 8221 ; Re-inventing Africa # 8221 ; Annie. E. Coombes ( 1994 ) 3 ) # 8221 ; Tensions of Empire # 8221 ; F. Cooper A ; A. l. Stoler ( 1997 ) 4 ) # 8221 ; Africans- THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT # 8221 ; J. Iliffe ( 1995 ) 5 ) # 8221 ; Chronicle of the World # 8221 ; D. Mercer ( 1996 ) 6 ) # 8220 ; Imperial leather. Race, Gender and Sexuality in the colonial context # 8221 ; A. McClintock ( 1995 ) 35c

Free Essays on China And The U.s.

China a late developer, lagged behind the west due to the communist revolution in 1949, and rush to industrialized later in the 20th century. However, trying to redeem themselves they are quickly trying to establish a political economy as political and social tensions rise within. The crisis in China will have potential consequences on future relations with the United States. The one dominant hegemon in the international arena is currently the U.S., however in twenty years that could be changed and the U.S. could see China as a challenger. There are multiple factors that will determine the relationship between these super powers such as the reunification of Taiwan and China, North and South Korea, reliance of U.S. allies, steady economic growth and the possibility of democratization. Decisions made by the U.S. will shape the future due to their heavy influence in the international arena. The combination of both realist precautions and liberal ideals will determine future Sino-American relations. From a liberal standpoint, the ultimate goal would be to help â€Å"democratize† China to achieve international democratic peace. The probability of this goal being accomplished within twenty years is unlikely, but can be definitely possible through long-term policy changes in capitalization, free trade and globalization, (Mao, pg. 1). In addition to these goals, the U.S. can actively take part in reunifying critical Asian countries such as North and South Korea, and Taiwan with China to create a democratic environment for a new China. In terms of military and nuclear build-up, these threats would soon disappear because liberals believe that democratic countries have a tendency not to go to war with one another. Liberals would like to ultimately see peaceful international affairs with co-existing emerging powers. Unlike liberals, realists support the containment of the Chinese threat by balancing their power with a stronger Japan a... Free Essays on China And The U.s. Free Essays on China And The U.s. China a late developer, lagged behind the west due to the communist revolution in 1949, and rush to industrialized later in the 20th century. However, trying to redeem themselves they are quickly trying to establish a political economy as political and social tensions rise within. The crisis in China will have potential consequences on future relations with the United States. The one dominant hegemon in the international arena is currently the U.S., however in twenty years that could be changed and the U.S. could see China as a challenger. There are multiple factors that will determine the relationship between these super powers such as the reunification of Taiwan and China, North and South Korea, reliance of U.S. allies, steady economic growth and the possibility of democratization. Decisions made by the U.S. will shape the future due to their heavy influence in the international arena. The combination of both realist precautions and liberal ideals will determine future Sino-American relations. From a liberal standpoint, the ultimate goal would be to help â€Å"democratize† China to achieve international democratic peace. The probability of this goal being accomplished within twenty years is unlikely, but can be definitely possible through long-term policy changes in capitalization, free trade and globalization, (Mao, pg. 1). In addition to these goals, the U.S. can actively take part in reunifying critical Asian countries such as North and South Korea, and Taiwan with China to create a democratic environment for a new China. In terms of military and nuclear build-up, these threats would soon disappear because liberals believe that democratic countries have a tendency not to go to war with one another. Liberals would like to ultimately see peaceful international affairs with co-existing emerging powers. Unlike liberals, realists support the containment of the Chinese threat by balancing their power with a stronger Japan a...

Plan Development for a Major Health Care Facility Essay

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Orgabizational analysis---TOYOTA Research Paper

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Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement

Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement J.Anto Sylverster Jeyaraj, C.Suriya, R.Sudha Abstract Over the past few years Denial of service (DoS) Attacks have emerged as serious vulnerability for almost every internet Services. Existing approach to DoS impact measurement in Deter Testbeds equate service denial with slow communication low throughput, high resource utilization, and high loss rate. These approaches are not versatile, not quantitative, not accurate because they fail to specify exact ranges of parameter values that correspond to good or poor service quality and they were not proven to correspond to human perception service denial. We propose Novel approaches to DoS impact that measure the quality of service experienced by users during an attack. Our novel approaches are quantitative, Versatile, accurate because they map QoS requirements for several applications into measurable traffic parameters with acceptable, scientifically determined thresholds, they apply to a wide range of attack scenarios, which we demonstrate via Deter testbed experiments Keywords Communication/network, Measurement techniques, performance of system, Network security 1. INTRODUCTION Denial of service (DoS) is a major threat. DoS severely disrupts legitimate communication by exhausting some critical limited resource via packet floods or by sending malformed packets that cause network elements to crash. The large number of devices, applications, and resources involved in communication offers a wide variety of mechanisms to deny service. Effects of DoS attacks are experienced by users as a server slowdown, service quality degradation, service degradation. DoS attacks have been studied through testbed experiments. Accurately measuring the impairment of service quality perceived by human clients during an attack is essential for evaluation and comparison of potential DoS defenses, and for study of novel attacks. Researchers and developers need accurate, quantitative, and versatile. Accurate metrics produce measures of service denial that closely agree with a human’s perception of service impairment in a similar scenario. Quantitative metrics define ranges of parameter values that signify service denial, using scientific guidelines. Versatile metrics apply to many DoS scenarios regardless of the underlying mechanism for service denial, attack dynamics, legitimate traffic mix, or network topology. Existing approaches to DoS impact measurement fall short of these goals. They collect one or several traffic measurements and compare their first-order statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum, or maximum) or their distributions in the baseline and the attack case. Frequently used traffic measurements include the legitimate traffic’s request/response delay, legitimate transactions durations, legitimate traffic’s goodput, throughput, or loss, and division of a critical resource between the legitimate and the attack traffic. If a defense is being evaluated, these metrics are also used for its collateral damage. Lack of consensus on which measurements best reflect the DoS impact cause researchers to choose ones they feel are the most relevant. Such metrics are not versatile, since each independent traffic measurement captures only one aspect of service denial. For example, a prolonged request/response time will properly signal DoS for two-way applications such a s Web, FTP, and DNS, but not for media traffic that is sensitive to one-way delay, packet loss, and jitter. The lack of common DoS impact metrics prevents comparison among published work. We further argue that the current measurement approaches are neither quantitative nor accurate. Adhoc comparisons of measurement statistics or distributions only show how network traffic behaves differently under attack, but do not quantify which services have been denied and how severely. To our knowledge, no studies show that existing metrics agree with human perception of service denial. We survey existing DoS impact metrics in Section 2. We propose a novel approach to DoS impact measurement. Our key insight is that DoS always causes degradation of service quality, and a metric that holistically captures a human user’s QoS perception will be applicable to all test scenarios. For each popular application, we specify its QoS requirements, consisting of relevant traffic measurements and corresponding thresholds that define good service ranges. We observe traffic as a collection of high-level tasks called â€Å"transactions† (defined in Section3).Each legitimate transaction is evaluated against its application’s QoS requirements; transactions that do not meet all the requirements are considered â€Å"failed.† We aggregate information about transaction failure into several intuitive qualitative and quantitative composite metrics to expose the precise interaction of the DoS attack with the legitimate traffic. We describe our proposed approaches in Section 3. We demonstrate that our approaches mee t the goals of being accurate, quantitative, and versatile through testbed experiments with multiple DoS scenarios and legitimate traffic mixes. Conclude in Section 5. 2. EXISTING METRICS Prior DoS research has focused on measuring DoS through selected legitimate traffic parameters: Packet loss, Traffic throughput or goodput, Request/response delay, Transaction duration, and Allocation of resources. Researchers have used both simple metrics (single traffic parameter) and combinations of them to report the impact of an attack on the network. All existing metrics are not quantitative because they do not specify ranges of loss, throughput, delay, duration, or resource shares that correspond to service denial. Indeed, such values cannot be specified in general because they highly depend on the type of application whose traffic coexists with the attack: 10 percent loss of VoIP traffic is devastating while 10 percent loss of DNS traffic is merely a glitch. All existing metrics are not versatile and we point out below the cases where they fail to measure service denial. They are inaccurate since they have not been proven to correspond to a human user’s perception of service denial. 3. PROPOSED APPROACHES TO DOS IMPACT EASURMENT 3.3 DoS Metrics We aggregate the transaction success/failure measures into several intuitive composite metrics. Percentage of failed transactions (pft) per application type. This metric directly captures the impact of a DoS attack on network services by quantifying the QoS experienced by users. For each transaction that overlaps with the attack, we evaluate transaction success or failure applying Definition 3. A straightforward approach to the pft calculation is dividing the number of failed transactions by the number of all transactions during the attack. This produces biased results for clients that generate transactions serially. If a client does not generate each request in a dedicated thread, timing of subsequent requests depends on the completion of previous requests. In this case, transaction density during an attack will be lower than without an attack, since transactions overlapping the attack will last longer. This skews the pft calculation because each success or failure has a higher influence on the pft value during an attack than in its absence. In our experiments, IRC and telnet clients suffered from this deficiency. To remedy this problem, we calculate the pft value as the difference between 1 (100 percent) and the ratio of the number of successful transactions divided by the number of all transactions that would have been initiated by a given application during the same time if the attack were not present. The DoS-hist metric shows the histogram of pft measures across applications, and is helpful to understand each application’s resilience to the attack. The DoS-level metric is the weighted average of pft measures for all applications of interest: DoS-level =, where k spans all application categories, and wk is a weight associated with a category k. We introduced this metric because in some experiments it may be useful to produce a single number that describes the DoS impact. But we caution that DoS-level is highly dependent on the chosen application weights and thus can be biased. QoS-ratio is the ratio of the difference between a transaction’s traffic measurement and its corresponding threshold, divided by this threshold. The QoS metric for each successful transaction shows the user-perceived service quality, in the range (0, 1], where higher numbers indicate better quality. It is useful to evaluate service quality degradation during attacks. We compute it by averaging QoS-ratios for all traffic measurements of a given transaction that have defined thresholds. For failed transactions, we compute the related QoS-degrade metric, to quantify severity of service denial. QoS-degrade is the absolute value of QoS-ratio of that transaction’s measurement that exceeded its QoS threshold by the largest margin. This metric is in the range (0,1] .Intuitively, a value N of QoS-degrade means that the service of failed transactions was N times worse than a user could tolerate. While arguably any denial is significant and there is no need to quantify its severity, perception of DoS is highly subjective. Low values of QoS-degrade (e.g., The failure ratio shows the percentage of live transactions in the current (1-second) interval that will fail in the future. The failure ratio is useful for evaluation of DoS defenses, to capture the speed of a defense’s response, and for time-varying attacks . Transactions that are born during the attack are considered live until they complete successfully or fail. Transactions that are born before the attack are considered live after the attack starts. A failed transaction contributes to the failed transaction count in all intervals where it was live. 4. EVALUATION IN TESTBED EXPERIMENTS We first evaluate our metrics in experiments on the DETER testbed [15]. It allows security researchers to evaluate attacks and defences in a controlled environment. Fig. 2 shows our experimental topology. Four legitimate networks and two attack networks are connected via four core routers. Each legitimate network has four server nodes and two client nodes, and is connected to the core via an access router. Links between the access router and the core have 100-Mbps bandwidth and 10-40-ms delay, while other links have 1-Gbps bandwidth and no added delay. The location of bottlenecks is chosen to mimic high-bandwidth local networks that connect over a limited access link to an over provisioned core. Attack networks host two attackers each, and connect directly to core routers Fig.2. Experimental topology. 4.1 Background Traffic Each client generates a mixture of Web, DNS, FTP, IRC, VoIP, ping, and telnet traffic. We used open-source servers and clients when possible to generate realistic traffic at the application, transport, and network level. For example, we used an Apache server and wget client for Web traffic, bind server and dig client for DNS traffic, etc. Telnet, IRC, and VoIP clients and the VoIP server were custom-built in Perl. Clients talk with servers in their own and adjacent networks. Fig. 2 shows the traffic patterns. Traffic patterns for IRC and VoIP differ because those application clients could not support multiple simultaneous connections. All attacks target the Web server in network 4 and cross its bottleneck link, so only this network’s traffic should be impacted by the attacks. Illustrate our metrics in realistic traffic scenarios for various attacks. We modified the topology from [8] to ensure that bottlenecks occur only before the attack target, to create more realistic attack conditions. We used a more artificial traffic mix , with regular service request arrivals and identical file sizes for each application, to clearly isolate and illustrate features of our metrics. Traffic parameters are chosen to produce the same transaction density in each application category (Table 3): roughly 100 transactions for each application during 1,300 seconds, which is the attack duration. All transactions succeed in the absence of the attack. bottleneck links (more frequent variant) and 2) by generating a high packet rate that exhausts the CPU at a router leading to the target. We generate the first attack type: a UDP bandwidth flood. Packet sizes had range [750 bytes,1.25 Kbytes] and total packet rate was 200 Kpps. This generates a volume that is roughly 16 times the bottleneck bandwidth. The expected effect is that access link of network 4 will become congested and traffic between networks 1 and 4, and networks 3 and 4 will be denied service. 5. CONCLUSIONS One cannot understand a complex phenomenon like DoS without being able to measure it in an objective, accurate way. The work described here defines accurate, quantitative, and versatile metrics for measuring effectiveness of DoS attacks and defenses. Our approach is objective, reproducible, and applicable to a wide variety of attack and defense methodologies. Its value has been demonstrated in testbeds environments. Our approaches are usable by other researchers in their own work. They offer the first real opportunity to compare and contrast different DoS attacks and defenses on an objective head-to-head basis. We expect that this work will advance DoS research by providing a clear measure of success for any proposed defense, and helping researchers gain insight into strengths and weaknesses of their solutions. REFERENCES [1] A. Yaar, A. Perrig, and D. Song, â€Å"SIFF: A Stateless Internet Flow Filter to Mitigate DDoS Flooding Attacks,† Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2004. [2] A. Kuzmanovic and E.W. Knightly, â€Å"Low-Rate TCP-Targeted Denial of Service Attacks (The Shrew versus the Mice and Elephants),† Proc. ACM SIGCOMM ’03, Aug. 2003. [3] CERT Advisory CA-1996-21 TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks, CERT CC, http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-21.html, 1996. [4] R. Mahajan, S.M. Bellovin, S. Floyd, J. Ioannidis, V. Paxson, and S. Shenker, â€Å"Controlling High Bandwidth Aggregates in the Network,† ACM Computer Comm. Rev., July 2001. [5] G. Oikonomou, J. Mirkovic, P. Reiher, and M. Robinson, â€Å"A Framework for Collaborative DDoS Defense,† Proc. 11th Asia-Pacific Computer Systems Architecture Conf. (ACSAC ’06), Dec. 2006. [6] Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis, CAIDA Web page,http://www.caida.org, 2008. 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To Live Without Fear in the Age of Terrorism Essay -- September 11 Ter

To Live Without Fear in the Age of Terrorism      Ã‚  Ã‚   We can rebuild the New York City skyline, but the question for a nation that has for two centuries felt safe at home is how we rebuild our sense of security. We are painfully realizing that the fears and anxieties terrorism is designed to arouse may be not of a moment but the harbinger of a whole new era. We can fight the Taliban, but how to fight a ghost army that went to war with us before we were at war with it, an army that has injected its menace even into the everyday routine of opening a letter?    It has not helped that the government has been unable to answer basic questions. Is it safe to open mail? Is the anthrax of domestic or foreign origin? How many letters were contaminated? Who sent them?    Immediate answers to all these questions are hard. But that's precisely why the first lesson for the new era is to trust the people with the truth as far as it is known. Anthrax may not be contagious, but fear is, and the key to avoiding panic is to shun spin control. If fear of alarming people was the reason we were misled about the lethal nature of the powder in the envelope to Sen. Tom Daschle(CNN), it was a blunder. National morale will depend on clear and effective public communication along the lines set by New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani(Phoenix) and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. Both met the challenge, because both have a command presence and speak the language of common sense as they level with the American public. They are not afraid to say, "I don't know." This is what will enable American citizens, like the citizens of Israel, not just to live with terrorism and fear but to channel their fears productively and, finally, to transcend them. ... ...nstitutions that fight for us and defend us: the military, the FBI, the CIA, the uniformed services in each of our communities. We support whatever they may have to do in order to win this war, including taking on morally ambiguous and hazardous actions against a ruthless enemy who seeks to destroy our values and our civil order.    We do all this because we all feel we are a part of a country unique for its qualities of freedom and liberty. And we draw from the power of a free society to commit ourselves to this mission of prevailing against evil. Our goal is humane and simple: to return to a normal life-to live without fear.    WORKS CITED:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cnn.com http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/10/15/anthrax/    Phoenix.com http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/01823818.htm