William Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

William Faulkner - Essay Example Faulkner was a multitalented individual even at a tender age; he was active in sports as he played for his high school football team. His interests in literature were depicted during his early years. Upon reaching puberty, this renowned author started writing poems. However, after his teens, Faulkner began loosing interest in formal studies and eventually decided to quit school. A few years later, Faulkner was to meet one of the most inspiring literary artists in his lifetime; Phil Stone. Additionally, Faulkner met the love of his life in those early years; she was known as Estelle Oldham. The later mentioned girl had a romantic relationship with Faulkner but never committed her life to him because she was betrothed to someone else. Stone- his literary mentor- had seen some of Faulkner's earlier poetic works and realized that he had great potential to make it in the world of literature. Faulkner's first job was a in New Haven where he worked briefly in an Arms Company. Thereafter, he tried joining the Army but his physical appearance did not allow him to progress. Afterward, he joined the Canadian Royal Air force. His life in the Air force did not last long since the world war ended just soon after he had joined them. In order to keep track of his experiences, Faulkner decided to purchase some Air force accolades. This experience in the Army was one of the most influential aspects in his literary works. One of his novels; Soldier's pay: which was published in '26 indicated some of his fictional experiences in the war. In the year 19919, Faulkner got a chance to join a university. He was able to accomplish this even despite the fact that he had dropped out of high schools. This future author was very active in his university forming clubs and other similar associations. (Amazon, 2006) However, Faulkner never completed his studies. Instead he opted for odd jobs. He worked as a postmaster, bookstore assistant and even as a Scoutmaster. All these jobs did not suite his outgoing personality and he was forced to resign or quite. Literary works In the early twenties, Faulkner began by writing some essays that formed part of the New Orleans collection. He then embarked on his first literary novel called Soldier's pay. After completing this novel, it was published by Live right. Thereafter, Faulkner decided to move to Italy and then Paris. These served as great influences in is second novel; Sanctuary. The second novel was published in the year 1926 and was entitled Mosquitoes. It mainly talked about some of the earlier influences in the army but this book was not one of his best productions. Failures in the latter novel resulted in improvements in his next pieces of work. He was advised to stay true to his roots and this is exactly what he did in his subsequent works. Faulkner realized that he could create greater influences if they depicted native aspects of his community. This third publication seemed very interesting to Faulkner but not to his publishers. His first publisher refused to wok with him and so did many other p ublishers. After a frantic search for a publisher, Faulkner finally got a willing one in the year 1926. However, the novel was only released after excessive editing and changes made to his title.

Bajaj auto Essay Example for Free

Bajaj auto Essay The project report entitled Strategic Management Cycle of Baja] Auto Ltd . has been submitted to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad in partial tultlllment tor the award of degree of Master of Business Administration. I the undersigned hereby eclare that this report has been completed by me under the guidance of Prof. Jignasha mam (Faculty Member, Shayona Institute of Business Management, Ahmedabad) The report is entirely the result of my own efforts and has not been submitted either in part or whole to any other institute or university for any degree. Date: Place: Ahmedabad PREFACE As it is always said that if you give some-one theory knowledge it will make person understandwell. But if you give some-one theory as well as practical knowledge then it will help the person to understand and remember that always. In the same way to get practical knowledge,the report which we prepare not only make us understand the various functions but also gives us different vision regarding them and along with it gives us experience of practical assignment and managers work. By preparing report on Analytical Study on Strategic Management Cycle of Baja] Auto Ltd. we have tried to develop skill to understand well and also how to implement theoretical knowledge work. For this we are thankful to Gujarat Technological University for including such a project as practical studies in the syllabus of M. B. A. Acknowledgement The succession completion of this report would not have been possible without co- operation and support of our professor , friends and our institute. We forward gratitude to respected director of our institute. We are heartily thankful to the management for providing us the opportunity to make a study to practical in their organization. We express our sincere thanks to the company who have given us all the information on-line. We are also thankful our professor out with whose help, this becomes possible and who provided full guidance, co-operation and valuable suggestion bout company report. We are also thankful to our college friends and all those who have helped us directly or indirectly in the preparation of this report. Executive Summary In our project we nave conducted a research on now baJaJ auto ltd works By using stretegic management ; their different moves.. Hence on the basis of the Information we have found out our finding and have done an in-depth analysis on Strategic Management Cycle of Baja] Auto Ltd.. It is followed by recommendations and conclusion. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . Objective of SM 2. Introduction of ABC Co. 3. History of ABC co. . Strategic Thinking i. Vision i. Mission iii. Corporate Purpose v. Values: (Standard of Conduct, Law, Employees, Consumers, Shareholders, Business Partners, Community Involvement, Public Activities, the environment, innovation, competition, business integrity etc. ) 5. Strategic Planning i. Strategy adopted by ABC Co. i. Action plan by ABC Co. iii . Responsibilities of ABC Co. CSR (Internal as well as External) iv . Michael Porters 5 Forces analysis v. McKinseys7S Model VI. SWOT Analysts of ABC co. PEST Analysts ViiiBCG MATRIX 6. Analysis of Strategies of ABC Co 7. Strategic Implementation i. Resource Allocation 7. Strategic Evaluation i . Balance Scorecar 1. OBJECTIVE OF SM . Statements of vision tend to be quite broad and can be described as a goal that represents an inspiring, overarching, and emotionally driven destination. Mission statements, on the other hand, tend to be more specific and address questions concerning the organizations reason for being and the basis of its intended competitive advantage in the marketplace. Strategic objectives are used to operationalize the mission statement. That is, they help to provide guidance on how he organization can fulfill or move toward the high goals in the goal hierarchy-the mission and vision. As a result, they tend to be more specific and cover a more well- defined time frame. Setting objectives demands a yardstick to measure the fulfillment of the objectives. If an objective lacks specificity or measurability, it is not very useful, simply because there is no way of determining whether it is helping the organization to move toward the organizations mission and vision. 2. INTRODUCTION OF BAJAJ GROUP : The Baja] Group is amongst the top 10 business houses in India. I s tootprint stretches over a wide range of industries, spanning automobiles (two-wheelers and three-wheelers), home appliances, lighting, iron and steel, insurance, travel and finance. The groups flagship company, Baja] Auto, is ranked as the worlds fourth largest two- and three- wheeler manufacturer and the Baja] brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Founded in 1926, at the height of Indias movement for independence from the British, the group has an illustrious history. The integrity, dedication, resourcefulness nd determination to succeed which are characteristic of the group today, are often traced back to its birth during those days of relentless devotion to a common cause. Jamnalal Baja], founder of the group, was a close confidant and disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. In fact, GandhiJi had adopted him as his son. This close relationship and his deep involvement in the independence movement did not leave Jamnalal Baja] with much time to spend on his newly launched business venture. His son, Kamalnayan Baja], then 27, took over the reigns of business in 1942. He too was close to Gandhi] nd it was only after Independence in 1947, that he was able to give his full attention to the business. Kamalnayan Baja] not only consolidated the group, but also diversified into various manufacturing activities. The present Chairman of the group, Rahul Baja], took charge of the business in 1965. Under his leadership, the turnover of the Baja] Auto the flagship company has gone up from INR. 72 million to INR. 120 billion, its product portfolio has expanded and the brand has found a global market. He is one of Indias most distinguished business leaders and internationally espected for his business acumen and entrepreneurial spirit. 3. HlSTORY OF BAJAJ AUTO LTD Baja] Auto is a $2. 3 billion company founded in 1926. It is fourth largest two- and three-wheeler manufacturer. Baja] Auto has three plants in all, two at WaluJ and Chakan in Maharashtra and one plant at Pant Nagar in Uttaranchal. The company is into manutacturing ot motorcycles, scooters and three-wheelers. In India, Baja] Auto has a distribution network of 485 dealers and over 1,600 authorised services centres. It has 171 exclusive dealers for the three-wheeler segment . lt has total 3750 rural outlets in rural areas. The company has opened 11 retail stores for bikes across the country, exclusive for high-end and performance bikes. It has opened these stores under the name in cities like Pune, Nashik, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh, New Delhi, Faridabad and Mangalore. The Baja] brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. It has a distribution network in 50 countries with a dominant presence in Sri Lanka, Colombia, Bangladesh, Mexico, Central America, Peru and Egypt. It has technical tie up with Kawasaki Heavvy Industries of Japan to manufacture latest models in the two-wheeler space. Baja] Auto has launched brands like Boxer, Caliber, Wind125, Pulsar and many more. It has also launched Indias first real cruiser bike, Kawasaki Baja] Eliminator. Baja] Autos has in all three plants, two at WaluJ and Chakan in Maharashtra and one plant at Pant Nagar in Uttranchal, western India. WaluJ Baja] range of motorcycles and three-wheelers Chakan Baja] range of motorcycles Pant Nagar Baja] range of motorcycles Achievement 1945- On November 29 Baja] Auto came into existence as BachraJ Trading Corporation Private Limited. 1948- The company commenced sales in India by importing two- and three-wheelers. 1959- Baja] Auto obtained the licence from the Government of India to manufacture two- and three-wheelers. 1960- The company became a public limited company and conducted Bhoomi PooJan of the Akurdi Plant. 1970- Baja] Auto rolled out its 100,000th vehicle. 971- The company introduced its three-wheeler goods carrier. 1972- The company introduced Baja] Chetak. 1975- Baja] Auto ; Maharashtra Scooters entered into a Joint venture. 1976- The company introduced Baja] Super. 977- Baja] Auto introduced rear engine autorickshaw and achieved production and sales of 100,000 vehicles in a single financial year. 1981- Baja] Auto launched Baja] M-50. 1984- On January 19, the foundati on stone laid for the new plant at WaluJ, Aurangabad. 1985- On November 5, the WaluJ plant inaugurated by the erstwhile President of India, Giant Zail Singh. The company commenced production at WaluJ, Aurangabad in a record time of 16 months. 1986- The Baja] M-80 and the Kawasaki Baja] KBIOO motorcycles were introduced. The company produced and sold 500,000 vehicles in a single financial year. 990- The Baja] Sunny was introduced. 1991- The company introduced Kawasaki Baja] 4S Champion. 1994- It launched Baja] Classic. 1995- On November 29, Baja] Auto turned into a 50-year old company. It signed agreements with Kubota of Japan for the development of diesel engines for three- wheelers and with Tokyo R;D for ungeared scooter and moped development. The Baja] Super Excel is introduced while Baja] celebrated its ten millionth vehicle. The same year one million vehicles were produced and sold by company in that financial year. 1997- The Kawasaki Baja] Boxer and the RE diesel Autorickshaw are introduced. 998- The company commenced production at Chakan plant. It rolled out Kawasaki Baja] Caliber from its WaluJ plant. Baja] Auto launched Legend, Indias first four- stroke scooter from Akurdi plant. The same year Spirit was launched. 1999- Caliber motorcycle notched up 100,000 sales in record time of 12 months. 000- The company launched Baja] Safire. 2001- Baja] Auto launched its latest offering in the premium bike segment Pulsar. The same year Eliminator was launched. 2003- Baja] Pulsar DTS-i was launched. The company sold 107,115 motorcycles in a month. The company launched Baja] Wind 25, The World Bike in India. It launched its Caliber 115 Hoodibabaa! in the executive motorcycle segment. 2004- Baja] Discover DTS-I, new Baja] Chetak 4-stroke with wonder gear and Baja] CT 100 were launched. Baja] unveiled new brand identity, new symbol, logo and brandline. 005- Baja] Discover, Baja] Avenger DTS-I and Baja] Wave DTS-I were introduced. 2006- Baja] Platina was launched. 2007- RE GDi autonckshaw, Bajaj XCD 125 DTS-Si, Bajaj pulsar 220 DTS-Fi, 200 cc Pulsar DTS-I and Baja] Kristal DTS-i were launched. The company also underwent through revamping of its organisational structure. 008- Baja] Platina 125 DTS-Si was launched. 2009- Bajaj pulsar 150 180 upgrade and Bajaj XCD 135 DTS-Si were launched 2011- April, Baja] Records its best year ever of 2010. HISTORY OF RAHUL BAJAJ Rahul Baja] Chairman, Baja] Auto Limited. Mr. Baja] (b. June 10, 38) is recognized as one of the most successful business leaders of India. He heads the Baja] Group of Companies which is a leader in a variety of manufactured products and financial services in India and abroad including motorized 2 and 3-wheelers, home appliances, electric lamps, wind energy, special lloy and stainless steel, cranes, forgings, infrastructure development, material handling equipment, travel, general and life insurance and investment, consumer finance asset management. Mr. Baja] holds an Honours Degree in Economics from Delhi University, a degree in Law from Bombay University and an MBA from Harvard Business School. Mr. Baja] is the Chairman of the Board of many companies. He was elected to the Upper House of Parliament (RaJya Sabha 2006 2010). Mr. Baja] has received many prestigious awards and recognitions, notable being the award of Padma Bhushan by he Government of India in 2001, Alumni Achievement Award by the Harvard Business School and Life Time Achievement Awards from Economic Times, Ernst Young and CNBC TV18. Mr. Baja] was appointed Knight in the Order of the Legion of Honour by the President of the French Republic. Mr. Baja] has been conferred Honorary Doctorates by 7 Universities including IIT Roorkee. The Project Report On Strategic Leaders Page 4 Mr. Baja] was the President of Confederation of Indian Industry (Cll 1979-80/1999-2000). He was President of Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers SIAM) and Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industry And Agriculture (MCCIA) and Chairman of the Development Council for Automobiles and Allied Industries. Mr. Baja] was appointed by the Government of India the Chairman (1986- 89) of the Government owned domestic carrier, Indian Airlines. Mr. Baja] was nominated by the President of India the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay during 2003-06. Mr. Baja] is a Member former Chairman of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum, Geneva and a Member of Harvard Business Schools Global Advisory Board. He is also a Member of the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution, Washington DC and a Member of the Executive Board of Indian School of Business. Mr. Baja] spear-heads the CSR initiatives of the Baja] Group which include Jamnalal Baja] Foundation and Shiksha Mandal and a number of social organizations including Bharatiya Yuva Shakti Trust and Ruby Hall Clinic, a large hospital in Pune as their Chairman.

The Censorship Debate Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Censorship Debate      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do words such as nigger, bitch, or ass offend you?   The answer may seem clear cut, but our nation has been struggling with the issue of censorship almost since its conception.   To many, the aforementioned words are a part of their everyday vocabulary; to others, they are vulgar and unacceptable.   The issue of censorship is much more than just words.   There have been huge controversies over the negative ideas and graphic nature of literature, music, and television.   What is too violent, too negative, too obscene, or too graphic?   And who decides what these standards are?   These are questions that are still debated by many.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature has the greatest history of censorship debates.   For years, there have been arguments over what is acceptable for which age group in which environment.   A prime example of this is Robert Cormier's young adult novel, I Am The Cheese.   Over the past few years in Florida, there has been great debate over whether or not his book is acceptable for use in a junior high or high school classroom.   The novel, which portrays a preteen boy who has been part of the witness protection program, and sees his parents killed when the program fails, has been labeled inappropriate for use in a classroom.   Many teachers argue that the book has substantial educational value, citing the many awards that it has won, but the faction for censorship won this battle, and the book is no longer taught.   Many other literary works, some which are considered classics, have also been deemed inappropriate.   Some titles include: Hamlet, The Red... ...eedom of speech.   Our country was founded on one of these ideas, but our morals and values may be dependent on the other.   As a nation, we must decide which is more important.   I do not feel that there can be any halfway in this decision.   We cannot ban some things and leave others, it has to be all or nothing.   If we are going to censor, we must accept the fact that everything will be affected.   Then we must deal with the issue of who decides the standards, a problem which may be as monumental as deciding whether or not to censor in the first place.   If we decide against censorship, then we must be prepared to deal with whatever is created, no matter how graphic, obscene, or violent any individual may feel that it is.   It is likely that we will never reach an accord, and will be debating this until the end of time.

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s Excavation at Troy :: Anthropology

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s Excavation at Troy Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s ability to challenge academic establishment make him an appealing yet dubious character. The German’s late nineteenth century excavations of Truva are often considered to have shed new light on ancient history or ‘undoubtedly destroyed a great deal of archaeological data that will forever be lost[1]. Despite the praise and glorification that surrounds the romantic stems of Schliemann’s work; his excavations have proved limited to the evolution of archaeology and ancient history. However some of Schliemann’s methodologies have often been considered significant in context to the evolution of both fields. His ‘great desire to affirm his hypotheses[2]’ has lead to important ancient historical data such as demonstrating Greek civilisation had commenced approximately one thousand years earlier then previous scholars estimated. Yet Schliemann’s excavations of Hissarlik are not completely revolutionary to the development of ancient history despite the modernisation of his primitive archaeological techniques and his ability to incorporate mythology in interpreting and formulating ancient history, while several contemporaries dismissed its credibility. Firstly Schliemann’s crude methodical techniques are not definitive in comparison to the works of other archaeologists such as, General Pitt Rivers. Secondly Schliemann’s discovery of an unknown civilization contributed to the broadening of ancient history. Moreover, Schliemann’s ability to see the great value of oral history and mythology has brought significant development to historical methodologies. Finally Schliemann’s flawed yet revealing archaeological techniques has allowed archaeology to improve, in learning from its mistakes. Firstly Schliemann’s contribution to the development of ancient history is limited in comparison to that of archaeological pioneers such as Pitt Rivers. Rivers, like Schliemann both avoided the stigma as ‘treasure hunters’ in their pursuit for knowledge of the antiquities. However Schliemann’s failure to seek perfection and accuracy questions his place in true archaeological circles. Historian Geoffrey Arnott comments, ‘the accuracy of his excavation reports can†¦be questioned, most seriously with regard to Troy.’ Schliemann’s primitive and simplistic techniques involving the destruction of various ruins do not deserve monumental credit. Historian Wellington King comments on the problematic nature of Schliemann’s excavations, Schliemann’s’ great desire to affirm his hypotheses to provide the evidence for the answers he created, is also his greatest weakness and shortcoming†¦he often conducted his archaeological work in a highly unethical manner, and a manner that could even compromise the archaeological integrity of his finds. In contrast, Rivers practised methods of perfection by comparing organic evolution to cultural development and developing future archaeological generic fundamentals such as ‘typology.’ ‘His purpose, therefore, was not concentrated on collecting artefacts solely for display, but in order to create a complex scheme of evidence to outline history.’[3] By contrast, men such as Pitt Rivers can be

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

Race and ethnicity are important concepts in the field of sociology and are ones that are studied a great deal. Race plays a large role in everyday human interactions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the outcomes are of these interactions. A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans based on real or imagined physical differences. Racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features such as skin color or facial characteristics. An individual is usually externally classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial group rather than the individual choosing where they belong as part of their identity. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and how those identities influence someone’s position in social hierarchies. Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but social traits that are shared by a human population. Some of the social traits often used for ethnic classification include: †¢nationality †¢tribe †¢religious faith †¢shared language †¢shared culture †¢shared traditions Unlike race, ethnicity is not usually externally assigned by other individuals. The term ethnicity focuses more upon a group’s connection to a perceived shared past and culture. II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT DEFINITION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY Race is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor. Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never have firm boundaries. Example: White The distinction between race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display. THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM The classification of people into races and ethnic groups carries deep implication on the social and political life of different racial and ethnic groups. These classifications led to the notion of racial superiority and racial inferiority, culturally advanced groups and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, apartheid policy, discrimination and prejudice, and stereotyping of groups of people. Ethnic conflicts have been regular process within the same territorial borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic conflicts have been pervasive and dangerous because they cause massive humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destabilizing effects. Sociologically, â€Å"race† refers to a group of people whom others believe are genetically distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is commonly used to refer to physical differences between people brought about by physical characteristics of genetic origin. This commonness of genetic heritage may be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by early social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. Racial differences are seen as physical differences singled out by the community or society as ethnically significant. It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of persons who have a common cultural background as evidenced by a feeling of loyalty to a given geographical territory or leader, a feeling of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the society and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS. Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences people’s social status and roles as they interact with others. Physical characteristics, especially skin color and certain distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, become badges for social and economic status. Frequently, they establish a person’s or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the foundation for prejudice, discrimination, and other forms of differential treatment. Furthermore, when an ethnic group becomes a target of discrimination, such group may utilize the unique physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing collective action. When people’s definition of physical characteristics greatly affects their relationship, such definitions generally become interlinked with cultural differences. A classic example is the white man’s justification of his technological, economic, political and military superiority. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white man’s burden and more recently, the apartheid policy. Since the early days of the United States, Native Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. But the criteria for membership in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government considered anyone with African appearance to be purely African. Native Americans, on the other hand, were classified based on a certain percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have purely white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to particular races had relatively little to do with biology; it had far more to do with maintaining a group’s defined roles and position. Racial and ethnic membership leads to a sense of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively small segment of the world’s population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider â€Å"our own kind†. Erich Fromm wrote in 1941: â€Å"The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, structuralized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, but he does not suffer from worst of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt. † PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONS. People who occupy a subordinate status are usually called a minority group. What determines a minority group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the society of which they are a part. A minority group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, even segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The patterns of ethnic group relations include the following: 1. Patterns of Racism a. Prejudice and discrimination †¢Racism – is behavior that is motivated by the belief that one’s own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the basis of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system. An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination. [37] There is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as â€Å"sounding black. â€Å" These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having â€Å"white-sounding names† to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. †¢Prejudice – prejudged negative attitude or opinion about a group without bothering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Merton’s study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination Four patterns 1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory – integration 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory – institutional discrimination 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory – latent bigotry 4. Prejudiced and discriminatory – outright bigotry In his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cities: Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty; Tagalogs, progressive; Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful; Warays, lazy but strong; and Ilongos, proud and extravagant. b. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987) THEORIES OF PREJUDICE Light gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice: 1. Economic Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic majority class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. Symbolic Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to accept their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, particularly in dealing with people. c. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, â€Å"bantay kuako† (heavy smokers) and â€Å"kuripot† (stingy); Pampangueno, â€Å"dugong aso† (dog blood or traitors); Batangueno, â€Å"balisong† (knife-wielding); Bicolanos, â€Å"sili† ( pepper or hot people). 2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and Domination When ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup competition for territory and scarce resources, an explosive social situation may arise. When two groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972; Barth and Noel, 1975). 3. Economic and Political Subjugation The economic takeover of one nation by a more powerful one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is trough the military superiority of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism. On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made through the great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a colony’s natural resources, the imposition of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to their side; the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital; the need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to fuel their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism. 4. Displacement and Segregation of the Native Population. Economic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet. Displacement of native population can be made possible through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate to the homeland of the invading group. Displacement takes the following forms: a. ) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or disease either deliberately or not; b.) by population transfer; and c. ) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group. Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age. 5. Patterns of Accommodation and Tolerance Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the intermarriage of members of the majority and minority groups. This can result in the blending of their various customs and values and the creation of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring. 6. Patterns of Acculturation and Assimilation Acculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as majorities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as described by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are many people who think of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a country and retain your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are affected by the majority culture in such a way that you adapt to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of one’s own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation. What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? †¢ Meeting of cultures always produces results in terms of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. †¢ Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority community’s cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. †¢ Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. †¢ Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation. 7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 1985) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly participate in the economic and political systems and live in harmony and peaceful â€Å"coexistence†. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against. ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES Ethnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria. A. According to distinctive physical traits 1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines. 2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos. 3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group. 4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers. B. According to cultural standpoints 1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities 2. Muslims 3. Christian groups C. According to linguistic groupings PANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e. g. , Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion 1. Roman Catholics 2. Muslims 3. Aglipayans 4. Protestants 5. Iglesia ni Cristo 6. Buddhists 7. Jehovah’s witnesses 8. Other religious sects. E. Muslims of Southern Philippines The Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely: 1. Taosug 2. Maranao 3. Maguindanao 4. Samal 5. Yakan 6. Sanggil 7. Badjao 8. Molbog 9. Jama Mapun From the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships have been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims’ ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim revolutionary groups the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines. THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS The non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines. A. Northern Luzon 1. Isneg 11. Ivatan/Itbayat 21. Malaweg 2. Kalinga 12. Ilocano 22. Yogad 3. Ifugao 13. Apayao 23. Pangasinan 4. Bontok 14. Balangao 24. Palanan 5. Kankanai 15. Bago 25. Kapampangan 6. Ibaloi 16. Kalanguya 26. Tagalog 7. Gaddang 17. Iwak 27. Bicol 8. Tinggian 18. Isinay 28. Negrito 9. Ilongot 19. Ibanag 29. Sambal 10. Ibalahan 20. Itawit B. Smaller Groups in Luzon 1. Aetas 2. Dumagats of Quezon Province 3. Mangyans of Mindoro 4. Hanunoo C. Visayas 1. Bataks 7. Aklanon 13. Solud 2. Keney 8. Rombloanon 14. Bukidnon. 3. Negritoes 9. Bantoanon 15. Boholano 4. Alangans 10. Hiligaynon 16. Cebuano 5. Masbateno 11. Kiniray-a 17. Waray 6. Abakon 12. Hamtikanon D. Mindanao 1. Tagurays 8. Mansakas 15. Kamiguin 2. Tagabilis 9. Maranao 16. Mamanwa 3. Bilaans 10. Sangil/Sangir 17. Butuanon 4. Mandayas 11. Ilanun 18. Kamayo 5. Manobos 12. Maguindanao 19. Bagobo 6. Tasadays 13. Tiboli 20. Kalagan 7. Magtisalugs 14. Subanon 21. Kalibugan E. In Sulu/Tawi-Tawi 1. Yakan 2. Sama 3. Sama Dilaut 4. Tausug 5. Jama Mapun F. In Palawan 1. Tagbanua 2. Agutayanen 3. Kuyonen 4. Molbog 5. Palawan 6. Batak 7. Tau’t Baten III. GROUP REFLECTION Within sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond. An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the group’s ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group. Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans. Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc. ) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience. In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social process; it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism. The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society – socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility. Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, â€Å"What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? † The basic argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and fundamental part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.

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Eriksons Psychosocial Stages Children And Young People Essays Eriksons Psychosocial Stages Children And Young People Essay Eriksons Psychosocial Stages Children And Young People Essay Erik Erikson s is a Neo-Freudian ; his theory is the spread outing of Sigmund Freud s theory. He expands it with other dimension and increases the clip of development. Freud s psychosexual theory emphasises that personalities develop in the early childhood, but Erikson does non hold with him and stated that development occurs from born until dead, therefore, he increases the figure of phases until late maturity. Besides that, Erikson besides stressed on the influences of cognitive and societal interaction in development. He merely partly believes in Freud theory about the unconscious head. He believes that ego represent personality better than Idaho. Erikson divided development into eight alone phases. In each phase, a crisis and struggle occur and we have to come out with an appropriate solution. If the crisis is failed to get the better of, it will be brought frontward to the following phase and hence affects the development inthe hereafter phases. Erikson s theory is discontinuous within phases but continues between phases. He used the term epigenetic rule, which means that if person had faced a job and delayed the development on a peculiar phase, the undermentioned phases will besides confront jobs or will non develop good ( Fleming, 2004 ) . Vice versa, if it is a successful development at the first phase, so the ulterior phases may develop positively every bit good. However, the earlier phases can reoccur once more in anytime ( Sneed, Whitbourne, A ; Culang, 2006 ) . When the struggle on the peculiar phase is overcome, so the self-importance strength will increase, and higher self-importance strength tends to hold higher o pportunities of successful development of personality in the hereafter. The opposite strength of self-importance strength is core pathology which decreases as self-importance strength addition. Introduction about Mother Teresa Mother Teresa was born on August 26, 1910 and died on September 5, 1997 ( Abrams, 1997 ) . Her birth name is Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu and she adopted the name Teresa from Saint Teresa of Lisieux, the frequenter saint of foreign missionaries ( Leo, 2001 ) . She was born in Skopje, the current capital of the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje was portion of the Ottoman Empire at the clip of her birth and Skopje was conquered by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, when Mother Teresa was two old ages old ( Hitchens, 2013 ) . Mother Teresa was the youngest in her household with an senior sister, Aga and a brother, Lazar. Her male parent, Nikola Bojaxhiu was a well-known contractor that died when Mother Teresa was 8 old ages old. By the age of 12, Mother Teresa felt the call from the God to function Him as a nun ( Leo, 2001 ) . By the age of 18, Mother Teresa made up her head and became a nun. She left her place in Skopje and joinedA the Sisters of Loreto of Dublin. She was sent to India in the twelvemonth of 1929 ( Rosenberg, 2013 ) . She taught in Saint Mary s High School in Calcutta, India for 20 old ages ( Leo, 2001 ) . On September 10, 1946, Mother Teresa received a call within a call from God to assist the hapless while she was going to Darjeeling ( Rosenberg, 2013 ) . In 1948, Pope Pious XII gave Mother Teresa the permission to go forth her responsibilities ( Leo, 2001 ) . After she left her responsibilities in order to assist the hapless and stateless people, she began an open-aired school and established a place for the deceasing destitute in an old edifice ( Hitchens, 2013 ) . Home for the deceasing destitute is now known as hospice. On October 7, 1950, Mother Teresa received permission to get down her ain order, The Missionaries of Charity that was intended to assist the hapless, uncared and stateless people ( Leo, 2001 ) . In 1965, The Missionaries of Charity became an international Religious Family with the edict of Pope Paul VI. In 1979, Mother Teresa s difficult work had been recognised and she was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize. Besides that, she was besides awarded by Pope John XXIII with the Peace Prize on 1971, Nehru Prize on 1972, Balzan Proze on 1979 and Templeton and Magsaysay awards ( Abrams, 1997 ) . On September 5, 1997, Mother Teresa passed off because of terrible cardiac apprehension ( Leo, 2001 ) . 1st Stage Trust vs. Mistrust This phase happens from birth to one twelvemonth old. The new Born baby first experiences the universe ; they need to cognize that they will confront many challenges in their future life. A changeless attending and skin ship are really of import for the babyhood in this phase. The attention giver plays an of import function and has large influences on babyhood to get the better of the crisis. If the Infancies basic demands can non be fulfill, the babe may developed misgiving. Vice versa, the babyhood can be said has developed trust if the babyhoods can remain calmed even though the attention givers is non around them. Mother Teresa was born on August 26, 1910 in Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Macedonia ( Nobel Prize, 1979 ) . Mother Teresa was the 3rd and the last kids in her household. Parents tend to love their youngest kid more. ( The Telegraph, 2011 ) . Mother Teresa may have many loves and attention from her parents. She will acquire the attendings that are really of import to get the better of the crisis in this phase. Besides, Mother Teresa male parent, Nikola was a successful man of affairs and her female parent, Dranafile is a house married woman who stayed at place and takes attention of their kids. It is obvious that Dranafile can pay all her attending on taking attention of her new born babe, Mother Teresa. Hence, Mother Teresa developed trust. Mother Teresa was born in Albanian Catholic household ( Rosenberg, 2013 ) . Albania is a cragged state, 28,748 square stat mis in size, somewhat larger than the province of Maryland ( Jurgens, 2013 ) . There are no any grounds show how the Albanian raise their kids in twelvemonth 1910. However, Skopje, the topographic point where Mother Teresa was born is prevailing Muslim metropolis in the Balkans ( Jurgens, 2013 ) . There are besides no grounds shows the crisis between Muslim and Christian in Macedonia in 1910. 2nd Stage Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt The 2nd phase occurs between one to three old ages old. Toddlers start to seek to command their organic structure motion. They want to make things such as walking, eating and intestines control by their ain. If the parent is impatient and frequently show anger towards the yearlings when the yearlings are practising to make things, the yearlings will developed shamed and doubt on themselves. In this period, it is of import that parents set regulations of criterions on yearling s behaviour. The yearlings should hold the thought of what can make and what can non make, larning the jurisprudence and order . At the beginning of the 19th century, Albania s battle for independency. In 1912, during World War I Albania became associated state of the Great Powers after a short period of independency in 1912 ( Jurgens, 2013 ) . Mother Teresa that when she is 2 old ages old. During the war, parents could nt hold the full attending on their kids. In this instance, Mother Teresa has to larn accomplishments all by herself. However, since she is the last kids in her household, her parents already have the experiences when turning up the senior kids. She will besides have the regulations to command her behavior. Mother Teresa s parents was Christian, they will hold subject to restraint Mother Teresa behaviours every bit good. Furthermore, Erikson s theory stated that the positive result of the earlier phases will take to successful development in the hereafter stages. Mother Teresa developed trust in first phases, hence, she has higher opportunity to get the better of the crisis in this phases. 3rd Stage Initiative V. Guilt On this phase, the kids will get down to be more active and parents may see the kid s action as aggressive ( Bee, 1992 ) . At the age of 3 old ages old, kids will get down to play game and drama with the others. If the kid is given an chance, the kid will develop the sense of enterprise and experience secure with their ability to do determinations and to steer others ( McLeod, 2008 ) . In the same age, the kids will besides get down to inquire many inquiries because they are funny of why the specific event happened or why the object is called the particular name. If the parents treated those inquiries as irritation and scolded the kid for inquiring many inquiries may take the kid to develop guilt in them ( McLeod, 2008 ) . At this phase, we can non place any specific grounds in order to associate or proof that Mother Teresa adopted inaugural or guilt in her life because of the deficient biographical grounds. 4th Phase Industry ( competency ) vs. Inferiority On phase four, kids will get down to larn how to compose, read, mathematical accomplishment and even do things by their ain. At this phase, the instructors play an of import function in order to assist the kids to larn the accomplishment needed. Besides this phase, the major beginning of the kid s self-pride will come from the kid s equal group. The kids now will experience the demand to win blessing from the equal group by demoing their accomplishments that are valued by the society. This will assist the kid to develop the sense of provide in the kids s achievements ( McLeod, 2008 ) . If kids are reinforced for their enterprise, they will get down to experience hardworking and they will experience confident with their ain ability to accomplish ends. In contrast, if kids can non develop accomplishment that they think society is demanding so kids may develop the sense of lower status ( McLeod, 2008 ) . At the age of 8 old ages old, Mother Teresa lost her male parent and she became close with her female parent who was a pious and compassionate adult female that instilled Mother Teresa with a deep committedness to charity ( Hitchens, 2013 ) . This proved that Mother Teresa was taught by her female parent to make charity and it affected Mother Teresa s life profoundly. To affect in charity became a necessary accomplishment in Mother Teresa s life as the accomplishment was profoundly implant by her female parent. Mother Teresa develops the demand to affect in charity and was reinforced by her female parent and Mother Teresa construct confident in her and continues her good occupation affecting in charity. 5th phase individuality vs. individuality confusion We will travel through this phase about from the age of 13 to the age of 18 old ages old. During this phase, the stripling will confront happening out who they truly are and what can they go in the hereafter. If one explore 1s function in a healthy mode so a positive individuality will decide, if non, individuality confusion will reign. At the age of 12, she felt strongly the call of God to function Him as a nun. She knew she had to be a missional to distribute the love of Christ. For about 5 old ages Mother Theresa thought hard about it. During this clip, she was really active in church and besides helped her female parent to give nutrient to the hapless. Having read many articles, she was really determined to go a nun. 18 old ages old, she left her parental place in Skojpe and joined the sisters of Loreto, an Irish community of nuns with mission in India. Later on, she traveled all the manner to India. She neer retuned back place after that. Mother Theresa achieved a really positive individuality to go a nun. Although she had to believe long and hard about it, she was really determined to follow the call of God to go a nun. She besides had an individuality of a good girl and neighbor by assisting her female parent to give out nutrient to the hapless about every twenty-four hours. 6th phase familiarity vs. isolation The 6th phase of Erikson s psychosocial development is intimacy versus isolation which we will travel through when we are immature grownups, about from the age 20 to 40 old ages old. During this phase, immature grownups want to suit in and happen love. They want to hold an confidant, loving relationship with one another. If that peculiar individual does non happen this familiarity or does non cognize how to demo love, he or she will so go down and stray. Erikson s psychosocial theory is ever based on the old phase. Therefore, if the individual did non happen his or her individuality, so that individual will happen it difficult to love and to be intimate with another individual, hence that individual is more frequent to isolation and depression. During this period of age, Mother Theresa taught geographics and catechism at St. Mary s, Calcutta, India. All the misss in her category loved her hence she was their favourite instructor. Mother Theresa shortly became the principal of St. Mary s in 1944. She besides has an confidant relationship with Christ. Unfortunately, Mother Theresa was diagnosed with TB and had to halt instruction. She was sent to Darjeeling to rest. During her train drive to Darjeeling, Mother Theresa received her 2nd call. During that minute, she was inspired by a message to acquire out of the convent and travel leave with the needy. After about 20 old ages with the Loreto order, Mother Theresa left the convent to first pass some hebdomads in Patna with the Medical Mission Sisters to hold some basic medical cognition. When she was 38 old ages old, Mother Theresa was ready to travel out into the slums of India to assist the poorest of the hapless. While walking in the slums, Mother Theresa found some little k ids. The lone thing she was great at that clip was learning and hence she began to give an instruction to the small kids in the slums utilizing merely sticks and clay so subsequently on rented a hut and turned it into a schoolroom. She besides began sing other households in the slum to offer them love and limited medical aid. Other people heard of what she was making and gave her contributions. Soon Mother Theresa opened the Missionaries of Charity. As a decision, Mother Theresa had familiarity. She was loved by her pupils and has a strong confidant relationship with Christ. She even found her individuality during the fifth phase to be a nun. She even showed love towards the hapless when she got the 2nd call. Her love was shown by the manner she would travel to households of the slum to offer them the small cognition of medical intervention she had. She showed familiarity when she taught some small kids because she wanted them to turn up and hold a brighter hereafter. 7th Stage Generativity vs. Stagnation The penultimate phase of Erickson s theory of psychosocial development is possibly the 1 that can be observed most conspicuously in Mother Teresa of Calcutta. While it is hard to state what Mother Teresa herself would hold replied to the inquiry of whether she felt her ain life was meaningful plenty, it can certainly be concluded that she made a difference to 1000s of other people, accomplishing miracles in the field of societal services, kid attention and general peacemaking of humanity. The 2nd to last phase of Erickson s theory calls into the inquiry the value of a individual s life as he/she sees it. For in late maturity merely is an single forced to see inquiries of existential philosophy such as is my life meaningful and what have I achieved over these past old ages . If the reply is a satisfactory one so the person would hold a high sense of generativity significance he/she would desire to go through down his/her bequest to the following coevals. In a batch of ways, this peculiar phase of development is about releasing control over on to the following coevals because one cares adequate about them to be able to do one s peace with it. In a batch of ways, this phase is of doing manner for the new coevals and guaranting its saving which is what Mother Teresa did in copiousness. She inspired a assortment of memorializations. She has been memorialised through museums, been named patronne of assorted churches, and had assorted constructions and roads named after her. All this demonstrates non merely her highly active engagement in causes of societal public assistance but her ain concern for the following coevals every bit good as the hapless and the underprivileged whom she dedicated her life to. 8th Stage Integrity V. Despair The concluding phase in Erickson s Psychosocial development theory Integrity and Despair. It is the phase where we have evaluated our life ( as seen antecedently ) and are now ready to go through a determination on whether it is worthwhile or non. Integrity stems from cognizing that your life has been an enriched and carry throughing one while desperation is normally the consequence of thought that you have made no noteworthy difference whatsoever throughout your being. In Mother Teresa s instance, it is really obvious that her life was one filled with enrichment despite her following the life style of the hapless. The mere fact that she chose this life style as opposed to populating like a in-between category adult female is proof plenty that she had high sums of unity. In the concluding old ages of her life, Mother Teresa suffered a bosom onslaught in Rome in 1983, while sing Pope John Paul II. After a 2nd onslaught in 1989, she received an unreal pacesetter. In 1991, after a conflict with pneumonia while in Mexico, she suffered farther bosom jobs. She offered to vacate her place as caput of the Missionaries of Charity, but the sisters of the order, in a secret ballot, voted for her to remain. Mother Teresa agreed to go on her work as caput of the order which shows that her ain unity was solidified by those around her who wanted her to remain on despite her worsening age and wellness. All those around her held her in high respect which built her ain degree of unity to fit. In short, mother Teresa was genuinely an inspiring person who made a difference in the lives of 1000000s and her work continues to impact societal workers and charities around the universe today. Throughout her life she lived as the hapless, working and assisting those in demand and directing a message of peace, love and spiritualty to everyone she met. She was clearly one of the most particular persons to walk the Earth and phases of her life can easy be studied through the lives she touched and the stuff she inspired. Through Erickson s phases of psychosocial developments, her life and work may be mapped as a genuinely built-in portion of the universe s history. Decision

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Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Through the use of good argument construction her position on the energy and environmental needs in America is made clear and consistent with her formal platform stance. Warren’s campaign position where energy and the environment are concerned is based on five different perspectives. Those five perspectives are to improve the economy, to keep families healthy, to protect national security, to address climate change, and to protect and preserve the environment for our children. These arguments are first based upon the emotional aspects of how they relate to the issues of environment and energy. She uses imagery of family, children, and the future to support her beliefs in an attempt to sway her readers about her commitment to family and safety. The ethos that she addresses is the concept of family values in American society as it relates to the issues. Warren has a specific stance on the working class and in her capacity as an advocate for the working class she uses the concept of family values to support her positions on various topics. ... n is for the seat of the Senate that is designated for the state of Massachusetts, it is important to not only address American citizens, but to address the people of the state in which she is running for Senate. Each of her argument points are not only to the American people but also to those in Massachusetts in order to ensure that their specific needs are connected to the greater landscape of the American public. Her role as a Senator will be two-fold as it will be to represent the concerns of the whole nation as well as those of her direct constituency. Creating this connection and speaking to her beliefs as they relate to both entities provides for a convincing argument as to why her beliefs will be beneficial within the context of her role as Senator. The logos that is used in order to create a logic of the discussion is through using examples to prove the claim. Each of the aspects of the reasoning that is used is developed through examples of how her position supports a bette r future in regard to problems that are currently being faced. As an example, she lists under her position of finding clean renewable energy and protecting the environment for the purpose of improving the economy as a means to efficiency, to create jobs, and to protect resources so that they will be sustainable. In addition, she mentions those natural resources that are related to Massachusetts and how her stance supports those resources for the people of the state. A position that supports both the ethos and the logos of her argument in relationship to current expectations in regard to theme, she relates her position on oil production and the need for clean energy to terrorism. Although she does not directly address terrorism, she discusses the issues in relationship to the war in Iraq and

Global warming proposing solutions essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global warming proposing solutions - Essay Example Air pollution is the basic cause of global warming. The air has been enormously polluted by the smoke escaping from chimneys, and the burning of fuels in automobiles. Man made causes are the biggest contributors of the global warming. Fuels made from such organic materials as oil and coal are called as fossil fuels. When they are burnt, fossil fuels give off gases rich in carbon content. These gases are known as greenhouse gases. These gases include but are not limited to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO). The methane present in ground is collected along with the oil or coal that is extracted from ground. Population is another major cause of increase in global warming. More people require more vehicles. Thus, more vehicles are on the roads to burn the fossil fuels and generate methane and carbon dioxide. Also, the residue of animals that is often dumped into barren lands or even farms is rich in methane. To accommodate the food related needs of the growing po pulation, more cattle are kept because they are the fundamental source of food and dairy products for humans. Their manure is also rich in methane. Even if people become very prudent in their activities and use of things in every day life, they would still give rise to global warming because all living animals and humans inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Humans replace the oxygen in atmosphere with carbon dioxide, and cause global warming. In fact, humans not only replace atmospheric oxygen with carbon dioxide, but also eradicate the fundamental source of oxygen. Millions of trees are cut every year to accommodate the needs of humans. People require wood to construct homes and make things of everyday use. Trees have to be cut in order to gain wood which cuts short the source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Thus, humans are making every effort they can to increase the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in turn, increase the global warming. Global warming is causing a lot of problems. With the increase in temperature, more and more glaciers are melting away every year and this water pours into rivers and seas. The resulting increase in the sea level is the main cause of the frequent and severe hurricanes, cyclones and tsunamis. The rise in temperature of water on the surface of sea facilitates in the building up of tsunamis. Natural disasters have blanketed the world in the recent years. Every year, many areas are flooded with water which is a potential threat to the life of animals and humans. Many people lose their lives in tsunamis. Glaciers that are melting away are depriving many animal species of their habitat. Glaciers are the primary source of food and shelter for polar bears. The rate at which glaciers are melting away presently will soon make the polar bears extinct from Earth completely. Also, thousands of cattle are drowned in floods whenever they occur. In addition to that, many people die of severe heat in the summer season every y ear because every summer season is getting much hotter than the preceding one. Air pollution has made people acquire many diseases. Thus, global warming is a big threat to life on Earth in many ways. Owing to the dangers associated with the rising temperature on Earth, there is dire need to take such measures that would reduce global warming. In order to control global warming, things of everyday use should be recycled and reused. The reliance on oil and coal should be minimized. Use of HVAC should be minimiz

Ways in Which Couples can Seek to Reduce Taxation Liabilities on Essay

Ways in Which Couples can Seek to Reduce Taxation Liabilities on Investments and Savings - Essay Example This is also the case for governments and institutions. So the question is therefore how such a financial stability can be achieved? The most obvious answer to this is by investing. Investing refers to the deliberate and calculated directing of funds into revenue generating activities. Almost invariably not all individuals are born into financial security. As a result they must therefore find ways to channel their finances such that they can grow significantly unto the future. Usually investments are made directly out of savings; savings out of personal income. The economic model for this relationship is given as i 0 f (s); s  f (y). This therefore means that investments are a consequence of foregone present consumption of personal income. This may perhaps be the elusive point to most young people eyeing for immediate financial prosperity without the sacrifice of and discipline regarding present consumption. After the establishing the origin of investments, a need arises to examine what the deciding and influencing factors for investments are. Economists present a direct relationship between investments and the interest rates for the underlined security i.e. i  f (r). Both households and institutions will make their investment decisions based on the expected rate of returns as expressed in relation to the prevailing interest rates in the market. Another influencing factor in investment determination (both the amount and area of investment) is the risk level associated with the investment. The Capital Asset Pricing Model postulates that the expected returns for any asset or investment is a function of the investor’s risk tolerance level as expressed through the variation in the realized from expected returns within the market. This means that the investments have a risk-reward mechanism where the investor’s tolerance to market uncertainties will primarily determine how much returns they shall get from chosen investments. Thirdly, the tax treatm ent on investment is also a crucial determinant for investment ventures. Investors would like to know what percentage of their earnings from investment would be paid out as tax. The tax treatment on investments made by singles, married couples and partners in civil unions is different. For this reason, this essay examines ways in which the tax obligation on investments made by married couples or those in civil partnerships in the United Kingdom can be reduced. Discussion Different types of investments have different tax treatments (www.pru.co.uk). This therefore means that the impact of any taxation as well as any tax relief will depend on the particular circumstances for the individual of which are subject to future change without notice. These considerations become more complex in civil partnerships where a disparity in the amounts earned or assets owned becomes a challenge in making financial decisions based on emotive feelings. According to British Laws on taxation, all couples (whether or not they are married or in civil partnerships or are cohabiting) are taxed separately as individuals. Every tax paying individual in Britain is entitled to the first part of their income free of tax. This is referred to as a personal allowance. All incomes in excess of this amount are therefore subject to the applicant tax rules. The personal allowance depends on the age of the individual and the total level of income over the taxable period. In this regard, there are three levels of personal allowance as shown in the table below relating to the current budget period 2012/2013: Personal income Basic personal allowance (?) Adjusted net income limit (?) Age 64 and below 8,105 100,000 Age 65-74

Global marketing strategy and product launch B&Q in Malaysia Essay

Global marketing strategy and product launch B&Q in Malaysia - Essay Example Current study reviews the potentials of B&Q, a well-known British firm, in the Malaysian market. The firm already operates in the international market. Still, up today the firm has not attempted to enter the Malaysian market. The successful operation of the firm in Chinese market has possibly caused the delay of such project. The stability, at least up to now, of the European market in which the firm is highly expanded, could be another reason for the avoidance of the firm to expand overseas. On the other hand, the review of the Malaysian market had led to the assumption that the particular market could highly benefit the performance of B&Q. The firm’s profits could be increased while the risks involved would be limited, at least taking into consideration the market’s current characteristics. A marketing plan has been developed for the potential expansion of B&Q in the Malaysian market. The requirements and the implications of the specific plan are analytically presente d. It is proved that the entrance of firm in the Malaysian market would have many prospects for success, especially if all phases of the plan were carefully monitored. 2. Background of the organization 2.1 Products B&Q has a wide range of products in regard to home and garden improvement. Currently, the products of the firm are estimated to 40,000 (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). 2.2 Market position B&Q is ‘the largest home improvement and garden centre retailer in UK’ (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). The firm was first established in 1969. Today, the firm is owned by Kingfisher plc, a major competitor in the context of the European’s home improvement industry; Kingfisher plc has also the third position in the global home improvement industry (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). In UK, the firm’s stores are estimated to 350 (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). For 2011, the firm’s profits were estimated to ‘?3.8 billion’ (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012), making the organization one of the most powerful competitors in the home improvement industry worldwide. The firm is already well established in the global market with about 60 stores (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). The firm’s financial performance is presented in Figure 1 (Appendix). The firm’s performance in UK and France seems to be much higher compared to its performance internationally (Figure 2, Appendix). The expansion of the firm in Malaysia could enhance the performance of the organization in the context of the global market. 2.3 Organizational objectives and vision The organization’s key objective is ‘to help people create a home that they are proud of’

Ways in Which Couples can Seek to Reduce Taxation Liabilities on Essay

Ways in Which Couples can Seek to Reduce Taxation Liabilities on Investments and Savings - Essay Example This is also the case for governments and institutions. So the question is therefore how such a financial stability can be achieved? The most obvious answer to this is by investing. Investing refers to the deliberate and calculated directing of funds into revenue generating activities. Almost invariably not all individuals are born into financial security. As a result they must therefore find ways to channel their finances such that they can grow significantly unto the future. Usually investments are made directly out of savings; savings out of personal income. The economic model for this relationship is given as i 0 f (s); s  f (y). This therefore means that investments are a consequence of foregone present consumption of personal income. This may perhaps be the elusive point to most young people eyeing for immediate financial prosperity without the sacrifice of and discipline regarding present consumption. After the establishing the origin of investments, a need arises to examine what the deciding and influencing factors for investments are. Economists present a direct relationship between investments and the interest rates for the underlined security i.e. i  f (r). Both households and institutions will make their investment decisions based on the expected rate of returns as expressed in relation to the prevailing interest rates in the market. Another influencing factor in investment determination (both the amount and area of investment) is the risk level associated with the investment. The Capital Asset Pricing Model postulates that the expected returns for any asset or investment is a function of the investor’s risk tolerance level as expressed through the variation in the realized from expected returns within the market. This means that the investments have a risk-reward mechanism where the investor’s tolerance to market uncertainties will primarily determine how much returns they shall get from chosen investments. Thirdly, the tax treatm ent on investment is also a crucial determinant for investment ventures. Investors would like to know what percentage of their earnings from investment would be paid out as tax. The tax treatment on investments made by singles, married couples and partners in civil unions is different. For this reason, this essay examines ways in which the tax obligation on investments made by married couples or those in civil partnerships in the United Kingdom can be reduced. Discussion Different types of investments have different tax treatments (www.pru.co.uk). This therefore means that the impact of any taxation as well as any tax relief will depend on the particular circumstances for the individual of which are subject to future change without notice. These considerations become more complex in civil partnerships where a disparity in the amounts earned or assets owned becomes a challenge in making financial decisions based on emotive feelings. According to British Laws on taxation, all couples (whether or not they are married or in civil partnerships or are cohabiting) are taxed separately as individuals. Every tax paying individual in Britain is entitled to the first part of their income free of tax. This is referred to as a personal allowance. All incomes in excess of this amount are therefore subject to the applicant tax rules. The personal allowance depends on the age of the individual and the total level of income over the taxable period. In this regard, there are three levels of personal allowance as shown in the table below relating to the current budget period 2012/2013: Personal income Basic personal allowance (?) Adjusted net income limit (?) Age 64 and below 8,105 100,000 Age 65-74

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Development and Careers - Essay Example This is the reason why it is advised to appreciate whatever good things that a child has made in order to reinforce good behavior out from them. Parents therefore are advised to learn more about their children especially in their growing up days. On the other hand, unfavorable consequences of certain actions are also learned which resulted to doing things that will end up positive results. Children only learn a little about the world and most of their learning can be acquired from their daily experiences with adults. Parents are continuously feeding their children with the right or even wrong information. However, children can also acquire their knowledge from media or even other people aside from their parents or closer relatives at home. Children learn about their immediate surrounding out from their experiences. Whatever they feel, hear, smell or see on a day to day basis is considered part of their experience. In the same way, adults have the same mechanism as they continue to su rvive and make the most out of their lives in this world. Adults have to learn different things everyday but most of the time; their learning does not require more about theoretical aspects. They appreciate the most essential and practical part which is experience. In this manner, adults behave in a way that what makes sense to them are only those things they learned importantly out from their experience. Most of them based their choices in life on their learned things out from their experiences. In IQ tests and even in other behavioral tests, it is found that experiences have significant impact on the corresponding results. For instance, a person who is exposed to a certain environment for quite a long time may have been influenced by what he perceives in his surrounding. Thus, when this person changes his environment, a new set of perspective may eventually change his previously perceived things in life. Thus, a person living in other country for quite a long time and returns to h is mother land may possess different behavior. As mostly noticed, personality may change and this is feed by the acquired behavior at a particular experience at certain time. This is the reason why personality changes over time and the way an individual behaves. The acquired learning or knowledge from a certain experiences has something to do with the necessary changes of someone else’s personality and eventually behavior or perspective in life. This is the reason that in most firms, especially in hiring supervisory and managerial positions, experience is very important deciding point. Experience is equated to substantial knowledge and understanding of the specific job function. Based on this assumption, an individual who has more experience is considered to have more meaningful behavior about his or her job. For instance, managers are expected to lead and anticipated to act as someone to be on top of his or her subordinates. Those subordinates are mostly not expected to beha ve in the same way as managers do. It is true that the mind cannot be seen or observed but its actual function can be critically considered through observing specific behavior or actions of a person. It is hard to identify the mind and the actual thought. Usually, it can only be understood in detail once behavior or specific actions of a person are observed. In the same way, whatever is learned cannot be exactly

Moby Dick, Sophies World, East of Eden Essay Example for Free

Moby Dick, Sophies World, East of Eden Essay In today’s society, the issues of fate and free will are hotly debated, drawing in heated discussions of religion, chance, and the extent of free will. While some believe we have a significant amount of control over our lives exercised through free will in our choices, others believe an entirely different power is at hand in controlling our lives. These issues often find themselves associated in literature, with examples such as John Steinbeck’s East of Eden, Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, and Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. Among these books, there are different interpretations on the role of fate and free will in human life. In particular, these three different works of literature express varying shows of balance between fate and free will, and how easily that balance can be changed. Ultimately, it is the decisions made by the different characters, the reasons behind their choices, and the respective consequences that ensue that lead understanding of the different demonstrations of the authors’ interpretations of free will and fate. Free will and fate are often regarded in terms of a balance, in that there is some of life that is controllable by using choice, represented as our free will, while there is still another portion where there is little to no control, something we call fate. This observation of a balance between free will and fate is especially seen in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. In Moby Dick, Ishmael, our protagonist, finds himself in the company of Queequeg, the chief harpooner aboard the Pequod. While together, Ishmael and Queequeg weave a mat, with Ishmael passing the shuttle through the threads on the loom while Queequeg strikes the woof with his sword, to tamp down the threads. During their weaving, Ishmael makes an observation in that their current activity was like how fate, free will, and chance worked, thinking, â€Å"it seemed as if this were the Loom of Time, and I myself were a shuttle mechanically weaving and weaving away at the fates†. Ishmael compares fate to the â€Å"fixed threads of warped of the warp subject to but one unchanging vibration† on the loom. He then connects free will to his actions, â€Å"with my own hand, I ply my own shuttle and weave my own destiny into these unalterable threads†. He puts t he final pieces together by saying that chance is like when Queequeg strikes the woof, being he was â€Å"sometimes hitting the woof slantingly, or crookedly, or strongly, or weakly† that led to â€Å"producing a corresponding contrast in the final aspect of the completed fabric†. His connection with the mat making and fate demonstrated his perspective of the balance between fate and free will, and perhaps brings to light one of the more major themes of Moby Dick. He believes that free will is bound by fixed limitations we perceive as fate, and that our choices are limited to what we can weave around our limitations, with the exception of random occurrences called chance, which can alter the limitations fate puts on our expressed free will. In Moby Dick, different motive often leads to different choices, which overall comes together to establish various consequences. Queequeg, one of the crewmembers under Captain Ahab, had fallen ill while aboard the Pequod. In absence of proper medicine and medical attention, the most obvious conclusion was that Queequeg was going to die aboard the ship. He had even prepared for death by having a coffin made for him. At the end of it all, when it had seemed that fate had established his end, Queequeg simply claimed that he re membered he had some duties left to do ashore, and that he still had responsibilities. With his own will, he tried defy fate by recovering from his illness, attempting to give himself time to do his business ashore. The fact that the motive behind his prolonging of death was due to his responsibilities, one could easily interpret his decisions as noble and respectable. However, Queequeg was but one of the two members of the Pequod who attempted to defy fate, the other of which being none other than the captain himself, Captain Ahab. After losing his leg in an encounter with Moby Dick, Captain Ahab had grown rather obsessed with capturing Moby Dick, much to the point of giving up his sanity. However with all the stories of the great sperm whale, and even now knowing how destructive the whale could be, it was safe to say his search for the whale was ill-fated. However, even with fate clearly saying that his trip would lead to his own demise and possibly more, he was determined to capture Moby Dick purely out of spite and vengeance, two reasons that are often seen in negative light. What it all came down to was Queequeg’s noble intentions in trying to defy fate allowed him to recover from his illness and gave him more time, while Captain Ahab’s bitter motives ultimately led to not only the demise of the Pequod and its crew (excluding Ishmael), but also that of his own. Perhaps this brings to light another major theme of Moby Dick, in that it is ultimately our decisions in life and the reasons behind them that shape up how fate operates in our individual lives. This, along with the idea of the existence of human free will limited by fate yet alterable by chance, establishes the general idea of fate and free will have a crucial roles in making it possible to understand and comprehend Moby Dick and all of its themes. Just as fate and free will have important roles in determining how life is experienced by an individual, they also have key roles and determining of how an individual behaves. In a sense, it’s almost as if the decision of how a human is natured is a determinant in establishing the line between good vs. evil in a person. This good vs. evil concept could especially be seen in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Caleb Trask, the protagonist, struggles throughout the book while in a fight where he tries to suppress and overcome his inner demons. Caleb, son of Adam and Cathy, had lived his life in the shadow of his brother Aron, who was obviously in better light with his father. While Aron symbolically was the embodiment of all that was good, Caleb was the opposite, having had embodied evil, like his mothe r. However, Caleb demonstrates the usage of free will in the struggle of overcoming evil. This is clearly shown during the confrontation of him and his mother, and his realization that Cathy is a prostitute. When Caleb meets with Cathy, Cathy tries to convince Caleb that in addition to her being evil herself, he also has the same evil within himself, and that he is more like her than he knows. However, he realizes otherwise, that he has choice in whether or not he would be evil. At the end of their conversation, Caleb reminisces on what Lee said, saying that, â€Å"I was afraid I had you in me†¦ [But] I’m my own. I don’t have to be you†. At this part of the story, Caleb demonstrates understanding of one of the major themes of the story, simply known as Timshel. Caleb realizes that it is his choice, his own free will to overcome evil. He establishes that while there is evil in all of us, we are all capable of overcoming that evil, and choosing whatever path we wish to walk, all by using free will. While Caleb had ultimately come to the conclusion that morality is a free choice, other characters of East of Eden had other interpretations of morality. Aron, Caleb’s brother, for example had a problem with the overcoming of evil. His world had been neatly put together for him so that he only had to face good in life, to the point where his mother’s evil proved too much for him. Cathy, had been convinced that world was nothing but evil, and therefore accepted it and settled for using deception in order to advance in life. In the end, however, the evil she had spent her life embodying herself in proved to be just as overwhelming to her as it was to her son Aron, and she ultimately commits suicide. Caleb, standing at the crossroads of good and evil, successfully applies Lee’s advice and realizes morality is free choice, and that free will and determination are enough to overcome evil and lead a life of righteousness. By accepting that humans are imperfect and sinful, Caleb was able to realize that humans don’t need to be perfect to be good, and that true goodness comes after overcoming evil. Because he had applied Timshel in his life he became capable of living a controllable life, one with a moral destiny that truly belonged to him. John Steinbeck’s in-depth coverage of the story of Caleb and his choices truly make Timshel, or â€Å"thou mayest†, a very powerful and key theme in East of Eden. The role of free will in this story establishes the fact that e vil can be overcome by human, regardless of fate, and all up to moral decision. Just as previously stated and seen in books like Moby Dick and East of Eden, free will and fate are often seen as in a balance, sometimes with the weight over on fate’s side or vice versa. However, there are instances where free will can completely overcome fate in cases where it doesn’t seem to the slightest bit possible. Such an example of impossible overcoming of fate with free will can be seen in Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. In Sophie’s World, the story of Sophie, a 14 year old girl who undergoes philosophy lessons, is followed. Sophie, who consistently receives notes not addressed to her but with ponderous questions such as â€Å"Who are you†, believes that her life is practical, and that she is living her own life. However though a complicated turn of events, it is shown that Sophie, along with her philosophy teacher Alberto, are both part of another man’s imagination, characters of his mind. Albert Knag, the man behind it a ll, can be seen as fate, in that he controls what happens to Sophie and Alberto showing that they do not truly have a choice, and that their sense of free will was but an illusion. Though the odds against them are tremendous, being they are characters in Knag’s book and in his mind, Sophie shows a giant show of free will and escape, using the help of Alberto. Using nothing but free will, Sophie does the impossible and escapes the book and becomes a spirit, able to roam the world but fated to have limited interaction with the world. However, it is shown that Sophie plans on attempting on have more and more influence in the real world and that she is not content with being an invisible person forever. Gaarder demonstrates a theme of how limitless free will truly is, and how fate can be overcome regardless of how the odds are stacked. With all three of these literary pieces, there is a similarity in that all three books cover the topic of fate and free will. However, these three books show different interpretations of the extent of the two factors, and what is and isn’t possible when interacting with the two. Such as in the case of Moby Dick, free will and fate are shown to be in a balance, with the two working around each other nicely. It is also seen that fate cannot be overcome, in that the demise of the entire crew was inevitable. In East of Eden, fate and free will were shown to have impact on how a person is perceived as good or evil, and how free will can potential allow one to completely overcome evil. In the case of fate, free will is shown to be able to overcome it, however only with tremendous effort and understanding. Similarly, in Sophie’s World, fate was able to be overcome, but again, only with a tremendous amount of effort and understanding. These three books together and their respec tive morals and themes can be directly applied to daily life. Free will and fate do have roles in human life, in that misfortunes can often be presented and perceived as fate, and naturally actions in the form of free will can additionally play in overcoming those misfortunes. By utilizing and exercising free will in daily life, the perception of fate as being something completely uncontrollable can easily be brought down to a more containable entity. Moreover, with the understanding of free will and fate that these three books offer, the opportunity for a life with a controllable moral future becomes available. In these three novels, the overall theme of a relation between free will and fate is existent. Respectively, the three authors of these books show their own interpretations of how fate and free will coincide, and how much control humans have on their own fate, or just how much free will they can exercise. However it is seen in all three books that with enough exercise of free will in the right light, positive events may occur, such as East of Eden’s Caleb overcoming evil, Moby Dick’s Queequeg recovery from his almost certain fatal illness, and Sophie’s World’s Sophie, who escaped her confinements of being a controlled character in another man’s mind. Though the authors may have had their own unique interpretation of fate and free will, with their respective limits, the overall message that all three authors would most likely agree on would be humans are given a tremendous amount of free will and are presented with different kinds of fate, and that what they choose to do with that free will ultimately decides how much fate will control their life.